St. Patrick's Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

St. Patrick's Day - Essay Example The first concerning the origins of the â€Å"potato famine† and, the second, the actions of scholarly textbook publishers that have no ethical issues with neglecting large chunks of relevant and important history. The Irish â€Å"Potato Famine† is usually described in textbooks and History classes as a terrible disaster, like an earthquake or a plague; something completely outside of human control. However, that is entirely not the case. The famine had far more to do with the harsh and negligent treatment of English landlords upon Irish farmers. The occurrence was not great â€Å"blight† or â€Å"an act of a God;† it was a physical act of human beings that caused the starvation among the poorer class at the time, which was sadly, the Irish (Bigelow 1). This is new information that is interesting to discover. The second issue, the fact that history books are printing edited or omitted historical events and it is so very common. If textbooks cannot be trusted to teach true and accurate history on any given subject, then how can we trust that information at all? What other topics and subjects might they be presenting a revisionist interpretation of? Ultimately, this discover y and its commonality are rather shocking. In the end, history is history; what happened, happened. There are both shameful and inspiring events in any country or cultures history. However the only way for people, as individuals and societies, can learn from their mistakes and move into a more enlightened future is to have access to our true history, our actions, for better or worse. By presenting a limited or vague interpretation of historical events, specifically such a significant and often misunderstood event, it diminishes the plight of these people and prevents us from looking at our history as a complete whole. The Irish have a rich history both in Europe and here in the United States and it is sad to know that large chunks

Chipotle Franchise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chipotle Franchise - Research Paper Example These factors include the direct and indirect competitors, suppliers and the customers. Since its foundation in 1993, Mexican Chipotle Grill has focused on providing restaurant services centered on a marketing position writ in a unique emphasis on natural ingredients. The chain of restaurants specializes in Mexican delicacies, which have gained popularity in the United States over the recent years. Currently, Chipotle has more than one thousand restaurant sites all over the United States. With the introduction of competing products in American restaurants such as smoked foods, Chipotle needed to implement a new marketing position. The new marketing position is be focused on value analysis in order to improve the restaurants returns and earn more customers through its products pricing. The restaurant uses the four utilities of the product: functional, time, place and possession. The product is mainly sold in the United States by Chipotle’s restaurant chains. Over the past decade, Mexican spices, rice and beans are some of the most consumed foods in the country. Through in-depth analysis of the factors of location and strategic selling position, the restaurant identified favorable market sites outside the US creating business for the products. Internationally, the franchise sells its products in Canada and England. As at 2011, the organization commanded an income in the tune of over two hundred Million dollars. This change in fortunes can be attributed to the re staurant’s marketing strategy in the past three years or so. The main positioning step that earned the franchise a major benefit is the conversion of two hundred of Chipotle restaurants into company ownership rather than corporate ownership. This enables the franchise to convert its revenue into direct investments. Chipotle prices its products based on a framework of value chain writ in a transition that benefits both the customer and the organization. The restaurant is renowned

Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Example for Free

Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Answer to Question 1 Sanctioning or Punishment is the act of imposing an unpleasant condition upon a subject in order to stop an undesirable behavior that he has displayed. The main rationale is that if people are harmed for their wrongful conduct, such wrongful conduct will no longer continue in the future.[1]   In law, there are two general types of sanctions – civil and criminal.   A civil penalty or sanction is one that is imposed upon a person who commits a wrong. Its purpose is to compensate the state or the injured person rather than to punish the act committed. (wikipedia, civil penalty). In simple terms, it would be to correct a wrong committed through the payment of damages or compensation.   Penalties can also be agreed upon as in the case of contracts. The parties to a contract can agree that each will pay a certain amount as damages in case a breach occurs. Although this is not a state-sanctioned penalty, this is allowed under the people’s general freedom to contract.   A criminal penalty is one that is imposed to punish a person for his wrongful conduct.   Forms of penalties Fines Persons are punished by making them pay money to the state. Confiscation The objects of the crime are confiscated in favor of the state or the offended party. For example, stolen goods are taken from the offender and returned to the original owner. Demotion In the military and in government offices, persons found to be guilty of offenses against the law may be demoted in rank or even dismissed from service. Loss of civil rights A person convicted of a crime may be stripped of certain rights like the right to vote or the right to run for office. Forced labor / Community service Persons convicted may, instead of serving time in prison, render community service without compensation. In some places, convicted persons are sent to labor camps to perform manual labor for the state. Imprisonment Persons convicted may be separated from society and sent to prison for a period of time. After serving time, he will be released and will then be allowed to rejoin society. Rehabilitation Persons convicted for certain crimes like drug abuse will be sent to specialized institutions for rehabilitation. Banishment In some countries, persons convicted of crimes may be banished or sent away from their localities. Retraining orders   Those convicted of violent crimes can be prohibited from further approaching their victims through a restraining order. Public humiliation For some crimes or undesirable behavior, persons may be punished by making their acts known to the public through publication or announcement. Corporal punishment In some countries, persons may be punished by flogging or whipping. The number of lashes will depend upon the severity of the offense. Capital punishment In many countries, people may be hanged, short, electrocuted or submitted for lethal injection for the most serious crimes.   Specific Reasons for Punishment [2] Deterrence Deterrence means dissuading someone from committing the same acts in the future. It is about sending a message to society that the cost of doing such an act outweighs the benefits and, therefore, it would not be worth doing. By punishing one who violates the law, other will become fearful of committing the same violation. Incapacitation By imprisoning offenders of the law, society is protected from them. For as long as they are placed in confined space and monitored closely, then the community will be safer. This is concerned with keeping violators of the law in control by separating them from the law-abiding members of society. Rehabilitation Some punishments are designed to change or rehabilitate the wrongdoer by making him understand that his behavior was wrong and that he must not commit the same offense again. It is about changing a person’s attitude and making it very clear to him that his actions were harmful to himself and to society and that they must never be repeated. This idea is based on the belief if any real change is to happen, violators of the law must be taught to take responsibility for their own actions and they must be given the chance to undo their mistakes and reform their ways. Restoration For minor offenses, the wrongdoer might be given a chance to â€Å"right the wrong† that he committed. For instance, if a person commits vandalism by spray-painting a wall, he might be punished by forcing him to clean up or repaint the wall. The purpose of this is to offset bad behavior with a corrective act. Retribution Some people continue to believe that the harm inflicted on the wrongdoer is a good in itself even if no person benefits from it in reality. This philosophy emerged from the very old belief of â€Å"an eye for an eye† – meaning that any person who commits a wrong must suffer the same wrong. This philosophy has long been abandoned by the greater part of civilized society. Protection of Values Punishment can be seen as an act of honoring the values of society. By punishing a murder, the state shows that it honors the value of human life. By punishing burglars, we protect the value of property. Current trends Today, experts in criminal justice and corrections are moving towards the idea of reformative or restorative justice[3]. It seeks to use peaceful approaches to rid communities of criminal activity. This theory does away with retribution and revenge. It emphasizes that such violence will only cause society to deteriorate. Communities must participate in the reformation of socially deviant persons by giving them opportunities at a better life. This approach focuses on reconciliation between the victims and the offender. It gives the offender a chance to turn a new leaf and correct the wrongs he has committed. Punishment includes the expression of remorse and restitution for the harm done.   Instead of allowing persons to languish in prison unproductively, theorists argue that those convicted of crimes must be given a chance to look forward to their reintegration into society. Without this hope for reintegration, they will have no incentive to reform their behavior or correct their mistakes. They must be treated with dignity and they must be allowed to work hard to regain society’s faith and trust in them.   There is no single form of restorative justice. Some legal systems give the offenders and the victims opportunities for reconciliation and restitution. Some systems allow offenders to render community service so that they can learn to be more responsible and productive rather than just serving idle time in prison. Some systems use professional counseling as a way to educate offenders and allow them a chance to express their own thoughts and feelings about their actions.   Although many restorative justice initiatives have been found to be very successful with adult offenders, most of the efforts today are focused mainly on juveniles in conflict with the law. Conclusion Different cultures and legal systems in the world continue to debate on the purpose of punishment. There is one thing, however, that is universally agreed upon: punishment is necessary for an orderly society.   For any legal system to work, people must be informed of what is right and what is wrong. Punishment makes these lessons clear because it gives teeth to any law that prohibits a certain action. Without punishment, people will do whatever they want with impunity and without any restraint. There is great interest in defining what the acceptable norms and behaviors are in society and these standards can not be preserved unless some form of punishment is imposed upon those who wish to oppose these standards. Social control is always necessary in any civilized society. People have to be kept in line by exercising their rights in the proper way without harming the rights of others. Without penalties, the laws can never be enforced. They will remain as empty statements of ideals without any real coercive value to back them up. If any society is to flourish, undesirable behavior must be punished and good behavior must be rewarded.   The important thing to keep in mind is that any punishment must always be proportional to the wrongful act it seeks to correct. If it is too light, then there is great risk that the behavior might continue. If it is too harsh, then there is blatant injustice and instead of setting a man right, it might destroy his spirit completely and instead of mending his ways and reintegrating into society, he runs the risk of deviating even further from acceptable social behavior.   It is also important that substantial and procedural due process is strictly complied with. A person must be proven and declared to be deserving of a sanction before it is meted out upon him. The person to be sanctioned must be heard and allowed to defend himself in court with all legal means in his disposal. Sanctions and punishments must always be an incident of justice and never against it. People need to know that they will be punished for wrongdoing but they must also be given the guarantee that any person who is accused of wrongdoing will be treated fairly. Just as society becomes more orderly with a fair and impartial justice system, only chaos will result from an arbitrary and oppressive one.   Answer to Question 2 Under The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005[4], provides that that a person subjects a woman to harassment, including sexual harassment, if: â€Å"(a) on the ground of her sex, he engages in unwanted conduct that has the purpose or effect – (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, (b) he engages in any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that has the purpose or effect— (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, or (c) on the ground of her rejection of or submission to unwanted conduct of a kind mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), he treats her less favourably than he would treat her had she not rejected, or submitted to, the conduct.† It is clear that the offensive remarks and the acts of placing offensive pictures on Nicola’s desk by her male colleagues constitute sexual harassment. Although the act of asking her out to dinner is not, in itself, an act of sexual harassment, when coupled with all these other acts, it may be considered part of the whole group of offensive acts committed against her. Considering that Nicola has already approached her employer who is obliged by law to act on her complaint, it is her right to take the matter to the appropriate government agency. I advise Nicola to make notes on when these instances occurred, who were involved and what happened exactly. She must get her facts straight. She must also get a written copy of the results from the investigation. As to the acts antecedent to the investigation, Nicola must keep copies of the inappropriate emails and organize them according to their date. It would be most wise for her to seek help from her union with regard to advise and representation[5]. With the information in hand, she may now take her complaint to an employment tribunal. It must be noted that Nicola must file her complaint with the tribunal within three months from the time her employer concluded his investigation or from the last instance of harassment[6]. If she is later unsatisfied with the decision of the tribunal, then she can choose to appeal to an employment appeal tribunal. The present law against sexual discrimination will only be effective if the victims themselves assert their own rights. First, they must not be afraid to approach their harassers and tell them that the acts committed are unacceptable. The must not take these acts â€Å"sitting down† but rather, they must send a clear message that this kind of behavior will not be tolerated. Second, the victims must keep in mind that it is the legal duty of their employers to act on any sexual harassment complaints. The victims must approach the employers first and make a complaint to them. If it becomes clear that the employer is unwilling or unable to act upon the matter, then the victim must bring the complaint to the employment tribunal within the appropriate period. Third, sexual harassment is a serious concern of employment or labor unions. Victims must be able to approach their unions for assistance. Unions must be able to protect their members especially from serious offenses like sexual harassment. [1] Punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [2] Specific reasons for punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [3] Restorative Justice, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice (last accessed July 30, 2006). [4] Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 2467, The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005. [5] Sexual harassment: new law in force in UK, at http://www.out-law.com/page-6187 (last accessed July 30, 2006). [6] Sexual harassment, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/law/sexualharassment.shtml (last accessed July 30, 2006).

Normal and Abnormal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Normal and Abnormal Psychology Essay Psychology is a science that studies the human mind and behavior, to understand and explain thoughts, emotions, and behavior of individuals. Psychology can be applied in different ways, such as mental health treatment, performance improvement or enhancement, self-help and other areas impacting the health and daily life of individuals. Psychology is generally a broad field of science, and there are multiple subfields or areas within it. Two subfields in particular that are going to be discussed in this paper are normal and abnormal psychology. An individual is categorized within these two subfields according to whether their social behavior and way of thinking is common or totally out of the norm. Normal Psychology studies the common or average human behavior of individuals. This particular area focuses mainly on understanding the way the individual thinks and reasons throughout their everyday life. This area does not involve any disorders or psychological illnesses, but instead it researches the human mind in trying to better understand the individual’s thought process and behavior. An individual who would be categorized under normal psychology would not display any mental illnesses, disorders, psychological problems or un-normal behavior. Abnormal Psychology studies abnormal human behavior as well as psychopathology of the individual. Abnormal refers to something that is not normal or out of the norm. This particular area of psychology focuses more on research and treatment for the abnormal behavior displayed by the individual. This area of psychology covers a wide variety of disorders such as depression, sexual deviation, obsession-compulsion, anxiety, mood, developmental, etc. A good way to tell if there is a case of abnormal psychology is anytime the behavior of an individual is causing problems in their life or is disruptive to them or other people. There are a number of perspectives used to treat abnormal psychology. Three main perspectives are: behavioral, medical, and cognitive. The behavioral perspective focuses on the observable behaviors. The medical perspective focuses on biological causes on the mental illness. The cognitive perspective focuses on how their internal thoughts and reasoning contribute to the psychological disorders.

The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Atomic Theory The five atomic theorys of the past two centuries represent the sudden advancement of science in modern times. Begining with a basic theory on the behavior of atoms to the current model, some changes have been made, and some ideas are still the same. Ancient Greek philosophers belived that everything was made up of invisible particles called atmos. Since then the theory of atoms did not progress untill 1803. John Dalton was the first scientist to compose a theory of matter based on atoms. Dalton's atomic theory is based on four concepts. He stated: "1. All elements are composed of atoms, which are indivisable and indestructable particles. 2. All atoms of the same element are exactly alike; in particular, they have the same mass. 3. Atoms of different elements are different; in particular, they have different masses. 4. Compounds are formed by the joining of atoms of two or more elements." 1 All of Dalton's ideas account for the laws of definate and multiple proportions and the law of conservation of mass. Some of Dalton's points are still thought to be true, but over time this origional theory has been modifyed. The first of these modifications came in 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. Based on the work of William Crookes and his "Crookes tube" (Cathode-ray tube), Thomson discovered a negative charged particle was the cause of the light produced by the cathode-ray tube. He also discovered that these particles are present in all elements. These cathode-ray particles are now known as electrons. Soon after the discovery of electrons the proton was discovered. This led Thomson to conclude that ther were an equal number of both particles present in the atom. Twelve years later Lord Ernest Rutherford was experimenting with alpha particles. He shot a stream of them at a peice of gold foil surrounded by zinc-sulfide. When an alpha particle strikes ZnS it produces a flash of light. The particles mostly stayed in a constant stream through the foil, but a few were deflected. This led Rutherford to belive that there must be a small, dense cluster of protons in the middle of the atoms to deflect the small number of particles. Neils Bohr was the next physicist to advance the atomic theory. He explained what Rutherford could not about how the electron could stay in orbit around the nucleus. When the electron has little energy it is closer to the nucleus, when it absorbs more energy it travels farther from the nucleus. There is a definate number of electrons that can be in the same orbit. When the orbits closest to the nucleus are filled the atom is at a ground state.

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Adams E,et al., (2003). Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. Journal of Nutrition. Arimond, M. and Ruel, M.T., (2004). Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: Evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys. Washington. International Food Policy Research Institute. Cook J., (2002). Clinical implications of household food security: definitions, monitoring, andpolicy. Nutritional Clinic Care. 2002. Brown, L, R., (2004). World food security deteriorating: Food crunch in 2005 now likely. Earth Policy Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Deb, K., Nageswara Rao, Y. Mohan Rao and Slater R., (2002). Diversification and Livelihood Options: A Study of Two Villages in Andhra Pradesh, India. Debebe Habtewold, (1995). Food Security: A Brief Review of Concepts and Indicators. Food Security, Nutrition and Poverty Alleviation in Ethiopia: Problems and Prospects. Proceedings of the Inaugural and First Annual Conference of the Agricultural Economics Society of Ethiopia, DFID, (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London. UK: Department for International Development (DFID). Ellis, F., (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press. FAO, (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996, Rome. FAO, (2003). Food Security in Complex Emergencies: building policy frameworks to address longer-term programming challenges. Tivoli, 23-25 September 2003 FAO, (2008). The state of food insecurity in the world 2008. Rome 2008 FAO, (2009). Global agriculture towards 2050. Rome 12-13 October 2009 FAO, (2010). The State of Food Insecurity in the world: Addressin... ...isconsin, Madison. Wiesmann, Doris, Bassett L, Benson T. and Hoddinott J. (2009), Validation of the World Food Program’s Food Consumption Score and Alternative Indicators of Household Food Security, International Food Policy Research Institute Discussion. Paper 870, Washington DC. Wooldridge, J. M., (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press World Bank, (1986).Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. A World Bank Policy Study. Washington, D.C. World Bank, (2006)a. Poverty and Hunger: Issues and Options for Food Security in Developing Countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Young H, Jaspars S, Brown R, Frize J, and Khogali H., (2001). Food security assessments inemergencies: Livelihood approaches. Humanitarian. Network Project (HPN), Overseas Development Institute, London.

Comparing Machiavellis The Prince and Platos The Republic Essay

Comparing Machiavelli's The Prince and Plato's The Republic  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people in history have written about ideal rulers and states and how to maintain them.   Perhaps the most talked about and compared are Machiavelli's, The Prince and Plato's, The Republic.   Machiavelli lived at a time when Italy was suffering from its political destruction.   The Prince, was written to describe the ways by which a leader may gain and maintain power. In Plato?s The Republic, he unravels the definition of justice.   Plato believed that a ruler could not be wholly just unless one was in a society that was also just. His state and ruler was made up to better understand the meaning of justice.   It was not intended to be practiced like that of Machiavelli's. Machiavelli, acknowledging this, explains that it is his intention to write something that is true and real and useful to whoever might read it and not something imaginary,"?for many have pictured republics and principalities which in fact have never been known or seen?(Machiavelli 375)."à ‚   Therefore, because one ruler is realistic and the other imaginary, the characteristics of Machiavelli's ruler versus Plato's ruler are distinctly different.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Machiavelli?s model for his ideal prince was Cesare Borgia, also known as Duke Valentino and son of Pope Alexander VI.   He believed Cesare Borgia possessed all the qualities of a prince destined to rule and maintain power in his state. He believed that politics has a morality of its own.   There is no regard of justness or unjustness, of cruelty or   mercy, of   approval   or   humiliation, which  Ã‚   should  Ã‚   interfere  Ã‚   with   the   decision   of defending the state and preserving its freedom.   Therefore, the ruler/prince's single responsibilit... ...ddle with each other (Plato 99).? In The Prince, Machiavelli was addressing a monarchical ruler and offering advice designed to keep that ruler in power.   He felt that Cesare Borgia was model for the perfect prince. He was able to give actual examples of how princes during his time ruled and how they failed or succeeded in doing so.   Plato, in contrast was perhaps unrealistic. His ruler and state could only be used to   better understand the meaning of justice. It could never be practiced in real life because he neglects the fact that everyone sins and fails to mention this in his ideal ruler and state.  Ã‚      Works Cited 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marra, James L., Zelnick, Stephen C., and Mattson, Mark T.  Ã‚   IH 51 Source Book: Plato,   The Republic, pp. 77-106 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nicole Machiavelli,   The Prince, pp. 359-386.   Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 1998.